Today's Fantasy Rx

2010 Major League Rule Five Draft Review

We continue believe that the Rule 5 draft remains a great chance for teams to add roster depth by targeting position players from AAA or AA to fill secondary roles, such as backup catcher, utility infielder, and reserve outfielder. Teams also should target pitchers who spent 2010 no lower than high-A, then slot the youngsters in long relief, as lefty specialists, or even in middle or short relief if the pitcher's performance warrants. Selecting reasonably high-upside prospects adds even more value to such picks. Ideally, teams probably should select one backup position player at a position of need and then two pitchers, one right-hander and one southpaw. While many of the selected players almost certainly will fail to remain with their new teams, several franchises at least gambled somewhat wisely with four teams even drafting into the optional second round, a welcome respite from last year's disappointing results.

Round One

1. Pittsburgh: Josh Rodriguez, SS, CLE; 26, B:R, T:R.
93/317 for .293/.372/.486 with 12 HR, 46 RBI, 49 R, a 6/8 SB%,
and a 40:75 BB:K for AAA Columbus(IL).
20/63 for .317/.405/.476 with 1 HR, 11 RBI, 11 R, a 0/2 SB%,
and an 11:10 BB:K for AA Akron(EL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 90%.
Probable Role if Kept: Backup infielder.
Fantasy Potential: Originally a shortstop, Rodriguez saw time at six positions last season and already looks like a competent utility player. Widespread scouting reservations exist regarding his upside, but the Pirates also likely know that his translated 2010 stats already make him a viable alternative to Ronny Cedeno. While defensive questions could keep him buried behind the current Pittsburgh infield starters, Rodriguez should emerge as no less than a competent role player.

Unfortunately, competent role players rarely push fantasy teams toward championships, so although Rodriguez should not hurt you as short-term roster filler or even as a Dollar Days middle infielder, he similarly cannot be counted upon to contribute any notable counting stats this year.

2. Seattle: Jose Flores, RH Reliever, CLE; 21, B:R, T:R.
1-1 and 6 Saves on a 51:7 K:BB in 42 IP over 28 G
with 35 H, 1 HR, a .92 G-F, and a 2.14 ERA for A Lake County(Mid).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 40%.
Probable Role if Kept: Middle reliever.
Fantasy Potential: The occasional success experienced by Rule 5 picks like Joakim Soria, who have leapt from A-ball to the majors, makes me hesitant to discount Flores' potential contribution. Given his youth and limited professional experience, speculating on any success seems folly, but his translated minor league numbers hint at intriguing upside. Pitchers with his combination of walk and strikeout rates frequently remain successful as they approach the majors, and given the benefits of both Seattle's defense and home park, Flores easily could emerge as a decent bullpen arm for Eric Wedge.

Injuries and roster cuts depleted the Mariners' relief corps over the past six months, leaving Brandon League as their only certain right-handed option. While Flores should provide another alternative, wait until he registers several solid consecutive outings before even considering him as roster filler.

3. Arizona: Joe Paterson, LH Reliever, SF; 24, B:R, T:L.
4-3 and 2 Saves on a 49:24 K:BB in 54.1 IP over 46 G
with 55 H, 2 HR, a 1.56 G-F, and a 3.48 ERA for AAA Fresno(PCL).
1-0 and 1 Save on a 15:2 K:BB in 11 IP over 6 G
with 9 H, 0 HR, a 3.25 G-F, and a 0.82 ERA for A+ San Jose(Cal).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 95%.
Probable Role if Kept: Lefty specialist.
Fantasy Potential: A strong AFL performance practically ensured Paterson's selection, making his omission from the Giants' 40-man roster somewhat puzzling until you consider the presence of Jeremy Affeldt, Javier Lopez, Dan Runzler, and Alex Hinshaw, who effectively buried Paterson in San Francisco. Conversely, Arizona lacks a single established southpaw in a bullpen rebuilt with hard-throwing right-handers. The soft-tossing Paterson appears an ideal complement and should add his name to the long list of virtually free useful relief talent acquired by Kevin Towers.

Unlike the unheralded arms that benefited from Petco's pitcher paradise, Paterson remains stuck in the comparatively unfriendly confines of Chase Field, so do not expect him to help your fantasy team despite his likely useful contributions to the Diamondbacks.

4. Baltimore: Adrian Rosario, RH Reliever, MIL; 21, B:R, T:R.
4-0 and 2 Saves on a 44:15 K:BB in 32 IP over 14 G
with 28 H, 0 HR, a 1.26 G-F, and a 4.50 ERA for A Wisconsin(Mid).
1-0 and 1 Save on a 15:3 K:BB in 14.1 IP over 5 G
with 11 H, 0 HR, a 5.50 G-F, and a 1.26 ERA for R+ Helena(Pio).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 10%.
Probable Role if Kept: Middle reliever.
Fantasy Potential: The first pick this year that appears unlikely to break camp in the majors, Rosario posts impressive strikeout rates but also lacks the control necessary to retire patient hitters. While the Orioles dealt four relievers to remake their infield, Baltimore also added a few free agent options, severely curtailing Rosario's opportunities to make the team. Only a superlative spring training performance will prevent him from returning to the Brewers.

Given his minimal likelihood of even pitching in the majors this year, do not consider Rosario for your team.

5. Kansas City: Nathan Adcock, RH Starter, PIT; 22, B:R, T:R.
11-7 on a 113:38 K:BB in 141.1 IP over 26 GS(27G)
with 131 H, 8 HR, a 1.42 G-F, and a 3.38 ERA for A+ Bradenton(FSL)
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 20%.
Probable Role if Kept: Swingman.
Fantasy Potential: Included with Ronny Cedeno in the Jack Wilson deal in 2009, Adcock managed his best season under the Pirates' tutelage. However, he needed four tries to experience this much success in A-ball and has not seen the upper minors. Lacking both obvious dominance and particularly favorable scouting reports, Adcock appears a poor fit on a Kansas City roster less than a season away from the arrival of a half-dozen potential top-of-the-rotation arms.

Even if he sneaks into the end of the Royals' bullpen, he will not impact fantasy teams in any positive way.

6. Washington: Elvin Ramirez, RH Reliever, NYM; 23, B:R, T:R.
0-1 on a 7:6 K:BB in 6.2 IP over 3 G
with 5 H, 2 HR, a .71 G-F, and a 4.05 ERA for AA Binghamton(EL).
4-3 on a 65:43 K:BB in 73.1 IP over 49 G
with 56 H, 0 HR, a 1.19 G-F, and a 4.17 ERA for A+ St. Lucie(FSL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 50%.
Probable Role if Kept: Middle reliever.
Fantasy Potential: After two pedestrian Sally League campaigns and a comparably unimpressive 2010, Ramirez appeared an unlikely Rule 5 candidate. A dominant Dominican Winter League performance changed that assessment as scouts watched him register a 1.85 ERA on a 28:5 K:BB in 24.1 IP, including 19 H, 0 HRs, and a 1.81 G-F. Unfortunately, his four seasons in the States do not depict a pitcher capable of continuing that performance in Washington.

Barring an unlikely continuation of his winter performance into both spring training and the regular season, Ramirez appears a poor option for a Nationals staff shockingly full of reasonably experienced pitchers capable of contributing on a winning team. He similarly should not appear on your fantasy roster.

7. Chicago Cubs: Mason Tobin, RH Reliever, LAA; 23, B:R, T:R.
Sold to Texas.
Missed 2010 due to injury.
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 5%.
Probable Role if Kept: Swingman.
Fantasy Potential: After managing to face all of fourteen batters in 2009 before Tommy John surgery sidelined him through the end of 2010, Tobin did not even look like a good gamble for the depleted Cubs bullpen. He seems outright silly on the Rangers, who added Brandon Webb, Arthur Rhodes, and Yoshinori Tateyama, retained ten of their post-season pitchers, and also kept previous staff stalwarts Frank Francisco and Scott Feldman. Both Neftali Feliz and Alexi Ogando could win rotation spots and still not leave sufficient room for Tobin in the pen.

A good camp admittedly could persuade another club to grab the clearly rusty Tobin off waivers, but nothing in his track record indicates an ability to contribute to any important baseball team this year, whether in MLB or your fantasy league .

8. Houston: Aneury Rodriguez, RH Starter, TB; 23, B:R, T:R.
6-5 on a 94:49 K:BB in 113.2 IP over 17 GS(27G)
with 104 H, 10 HR, a .59 G-F, and a 3.80 ERA for AAA Durham(IL).
1-0 on a 6:2 K:BB in 10 IP over 2 GS
with 9 H, 0 HR, a .77 G-F, and a 2.70 ERA for AA Montgomery(SL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 75%.
Probable Role if Kept: Fifth starter.
Fantasy Potential: Perhaps the most fantasy-relevant player chosen this year, Rodriguez could not squeeze onto Tampa's prospect-laden roster and then guaranteed his Rule 5 selection with a superb Dominican Winter League campaign. Rodriguez managed a 4-2 record and 2.06 ERA on a 37:11 K:BB in 43.2 IP over 9 GS with 34 H, 2 HR, and a .87 G-F, ranking among the most valuable pitchers despite his lack of big league experience. The Astros enter camp with Rodriguez in the middle of the competition for a rotation job, but his long list of competitors ensures that he will need to remain productive or risk losing his roster spot.

While his Tampa pedigree and winter performance provide hope for Rodriguez's continued success, his limited upside definitely concerns me despite the past accomplishments of similarly average arms in Houston's rotation. Do not treat him as more than a fallback SP option unless he somehow earns Brad Mills' trust very early in the year.

9. Milwaukee: Pat Egan, RH Reliever, BAL; 26, B:R, T:R.
1-1 on a 17:9 K:BB in 37 IP over 27 G
with 54 H, 2 HR, a 3.18 G-F, and a 5.11 ERA for AAA Norfolk(IL).
6-1 and 5 Saves on a 25:7 K:BB in 46.2 IP over 22 G
with 29 H, 1 HR, a 2.29 G-F, and a 2.12 ERA for AA Bowie(EL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 20%.
Probable Role if Kept: Middle reliever.
Fantasy Potential: A dozen strong AFL innings apparently influenced Milwaukee's scouts to select Egan. Elements of his skill set, particularly his superb groundball rate and good control, tend to support that assessment. While his lack of success at Triple-A concerns me, as does his general lack of dominance, Doug Melvin's track record of finding serviceable relievers cannot be ignored.

Egan might surprise if given a chance, but barring a rash of spring injuries, the Brewers possess too many superior options to offer him that shot. I also doubt many other teams will see similar value in this skill set, rendering him effectively useless in all fantasy formats.

10. New York Mets: Brad Emaus, 2B, TOR; 24, B:R, T:R.
92/309 for .298/.395/.495 with 10 HR, 49 RBI, 58 R, an 8/10 SB%,
and a 50:50 BB:K for AAA Las Vegas(PCL).
37/136 for .272/.402/.434 with 5 HR, 26 RBI, 21 R, a 5/5 SB%,
and a 31:19 BB:K for AA New Hampshire(EL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 80%.
Probable Role if Kept: Backup infielder.
Fantasy Potential: Easily the most surprising name to appear here, Emaus nearly earned a spot on our AL Scoresheet team a couple years ago after he posted an .843 OPS on the strength of a 60:56 BB:K in 473 AB in the Florida State League. While he stumbled in 2009, this strong rebound helped him regain some of that lost allure, which he further enhanced with a solid performance in the Dominican Winter League. His translated numbers suggest he's capable of performing no worse than the Mets' 2010 second base options, though considering his defensive limitations, Emaus appears far more likely to slip into the role previously filled by Fernando Tatis.

The good news for fantasy owners is that consistently excellent plate discipline limits the downside of an end-round pick here; the bad is that Luis Castillo's skills remain superior in every area except power, and with Dan Murphy and a half-dozen others also pushing for playing time, you will not be able to rely on Emaus for any consistent fantasy contributions unless you begin hearing reports of him impressing Terry Collins with his hustle.

11. San Diego: George Kontos, RH Reliever, NYY; 25, B:R, T:R.
0-1 on a 2:1 K:BB in 2.2 IP over 2 G
with 5 H, 1 HR, a 2.00 G-F, and a 10.12 ERA for AAA Scranton/Wilkes-Barre(IL).
0-2 on a 28:11 K:BB in 32 IP over 17 G
with 30 H, 2 HR, a 1.24 G-F, and a 3.38 ERA for AA Trenton(EL).
0-1 on an 8:3 K:BB in 10.1 IP over 2 GS(5G)
with 7 H, 0 HR, a 1.00 G-F, and a 2.61 ERA for A+ Tampa(FSL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 30%.
Probable Role if Kept: Middle reliever.
Fantasy Potential: Back in 2008, Kontos posted a 3.68 ERA 152:57 K:BB in 151.2 IP over 27 starts for Trenton. He lost a half-season to injury the following year and then slipped into the bullpen last summer, where he did not exactly compile dominant numbers. Kontos also completely bombed in the AFL, making his selection a definite surprise. He initially seemed an intriguing addition to the Padres, but with the team's off-season additions of Aaron Harang, Dustin Mosely, and now Chad Qualls, Kontos appears pitted against the vastly superior Ernesto Frieri and Wade LeBlanc for the final spot on the pitching staff. Of course, an injury or two could deplete the Padres' admittedly limited depth, making him a potential contributor to the league's best relief corps.

Almost any Padres' reliever could serve as short-term roster filler, and I see just enough upside here to recommend monitoring Kontos to see if can capture some echo of Kevin Cameron's Rule 5 magic from 2007.

12. Minnesota: Scott Diamond, LH Starter, ATL; 24, B:L, T:L.
4-1 on a 33:15 K:BB in 56.1 IP over 10 GS
with 53 H, 2 HR, a 1.59 G-F, and a 3.36 ERA for AAA Gwinnett(IL).
4-6 on a 90:39 K:BB in 102.1 IP over 17 GS
with 113 H, 4 HR, a 1.90 G-F, and a 3.52 ERA for AA Mississippi(SL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 99%.
Probable Role if Kept: Lefty specialist.
Fantasy Potential: Initially undrafted before signing with the Braves, Diamond shot through the minors, reaching Triple-A in his third season while never posting an ERA over 3.52 at any minor league stop. His combination of solid command with a preponderance of groundballs makes him a perfect fit for the Twins. Despite Diamond's lack of relief experience, Minnesota's higher-upside starting options should relegate him to the bullpen, especially since the free agent losses of Brian Fuentes and Ron Mahay left Jose Mijares as the club's only established southpaw.

Even if the Twins cannot find a spot for Diamond, a lefty-poor club like the Pirates likely would grab him instantly, virtually insuring his presence on an MLB roster all year long. Do not be surprised to see him emerge as a reliable contributor for some fantasy teams, particularly those in deep simulation leagues.

13. New York Yankees: Robert Fish, LH Reliever, LAA; 22, B:L, T:L.
3-5 and 2 Saves on a 48:18 K:BB in 42.1 IP over 39 G
with 69 H, 9 HR, a .90 G-F, and an 8.93 ERA for AA Arkansas(TL).
2-0 on a 25:8 K:BB in 16 IP over 10 G
with 7 H, 0 HR, a 1.10 G-F, and a 1.13 ERA for A+ Rancho Cucamonga(Cal).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 5%.
Probable Role if Kept: Lefty specialist.
Fantasy Potential: The inability to lock down any free agents early in the winter clearly left the Yankees with excess cash, which ranks as the most likely rationale for this pick. Fish increasingly struggled as a starter as he ascended the lower levels of the Angels' system before finally imploding during a lost 2009, half spent on the DL and the other half in the Cal League with a 6.39 ERA over 69 innings. A move to relief failed to pay dividends this year as Double-A hitters battered him, an evisceration only topped by his 10.45 ERA and 17 hits allowed during 10.1 IP in the AFL.

Nothing here suggests that Fish deserves an assignment any higher than Double-A. I see no reason for him to make the Yankees over vastly superior southpaws like Pedro Feliciano, Boone Logan, or even the rehabbing Damaso Marte.

14. Tampa Bay: Cesar Cabral, LH Reliever, BOS; 21, B:L, T:L.
2-0 and 4 Saves on a 45:14 K:BB in 48 IP over 28 G
with 60 H, 1 HR, a 1.59 G-F, and a 5.81 ERA for A+ Salem(Car).
2-0 and 5 Saves on a 35:7 K:BB in 31.1 IP over 17 G
with 16 H, 0 HR, a 3.31 G-F, and a 0.29 ERA for A Greenville(Sal).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 20%.
Probable Role if Kept: Lefty specialist.
Fantasy Potential: Given Tampa's impressive scouting acumen and the club's clear need for bullpen help, I wanted to like this pick much more than I do. Cabral may own an excellent combination of strikeout, walk, and groundball rates. He also may continue developing into a serious big league asset. I just do not see how his struggles in the Carolina League, coupled with only two unimpressive Dominican League appearances, add up to a contributor for the Rays in 2011. Jake McGee already looks like the club's key southpaw, and with J.P. Howell near returning, Cabral will need an amazing step forward to validate this selection.

He appears neither a good bet to help the Rays nor an acceptable fantasy option.

15. Philadelphia: Michael Martinez, IF, WAS; 28, B:S, T:R.
41/126 for .325/.353/.452 with 3 HR, 19 RBI, 16 R, an 8/11 SB%,
and a 3:20 BB:K for AAA Syracuse(IL).
91/359 for .253/.298/.393 with 8 HR, 37 RBI, 41 R, a 15/24 SB%,
with a 20:54 BB:K for AA Harrisburg(EL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 25%.
Probable Role if Kept: Utility player.
Fantasy Potential: The 5'9" Martinez managed one good month at Syracuse and a solid Dominican League campaign this winter. He owns good speed, a little pop, and can avoid embarrassing himself at six positions. However, these attributes probably will not provide sufficient reason for the Phillies to let him fill the club's only open roster spot over Delwyn Young, Robb Quinlan, John Mayberry, and Ross Gload. Given the excess of hitters still on the market, the club also should consider a solid cornerman like Jorge Cantu or Willy Aybar before giving Martinez more than a cursory look. The overall flexibility he offers did not warrant a 40-man spot in Washington, and it should not play any better in Philadelphia.

Do not draft Martinez this spring, but if he somehow wins a job, he might warrant a mid-season pickup on SB-desperate fantasy teams.

Round Two

1. Washington: Brian Broderick, RH Starter, STL; 24, B:R, T:R.
11-2 on a 55:14 K:BB in 100.2 IP over 15 GS(17G)
with 96 H, 6 HR, a 1.39 G-F, and a 2.77 ERA for AA Springfield(TL).
3-5 on a 37:11 K:BB in 49.1 IP over 9 GS
with 63 H, 3 HR, a 2.45 G-F, and a 5.47 ERA for A+ Palm Beach(FSL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 30%.
Probable Role if Kept: Long reliever.
Fantasy Potential: Right now Broderick looks like a better pitcher than anyone the Pirates added this winter, but he unfortunately fell to the Nationals for whom he almost certainly will see no starts. An excellent groundball rate and outstanding command at least certify him as a potential prospect. Posting a 4.39 ERA on 11:7 K:BB in 26.2 IP over 6 GS in the AFL also did not hurt him, but Broderick lacks any obvious upside beyond serviceable roster filler. With six relievers already slotted into Washington's bullpen, I do not see him beating out either fireballing, fellow Rule 5 pick Elvin Ramirez or any potential rotation rejects like J.D. Martin or Garrett Mock for that last job.

Even if he unexpectedly makes the majors this spring, nothing here suggests that Broderick could pitch effectively as a starter or would help any fantasy team in the lowest-leverage relief situations available.

2. Houston: Lance Pendleton, RH Starter, NYY; 27, B:L, T:R.
2-1 on a 22:12 K:BB in 34 IP over 5 GS(6G)
with 29 H, 6 HR, a .82 G-F, and a 4.24 ERA for AAA Scranton/Wilkes-Barre(IL).
10-4 on an 111:45 K:BB in 120.2 IP over 22 GS(23G)
with 95 H, 9 HR, a .78 G-F, and a 3.43 ERA for AA Trenton(EL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 30%.
Probable Role if Kept: Swingman.
Fantasy Potential: Houston somehow selected the only two pitchers with more than a minimal chance to start in the majors this year, leaving Pendleton with long odds even to overtake Aneury Rodriguez in camp. Pendleton conversely may surprise if given a shot in relief, and at 27, a full Triple-A season would not exactly bolster his prospect status. Hopefully, Pendleton will use this chance to escape the Quad-A label he nearly earned in the Yankee's system.

Some pitching-desperate team probably should give him a few innings even if the Astros waive him, though until you see him succeeding in the majors, he will not belong on anyone's fantasy team.

3. New York Mets: Pedro Beato, RH Reliever, BAL; 24, B:R, T:R.
4-0 and 16 Saves on a 50:19 K:BB in 59.2 IP over 43 G
with 49 H, 4 HR, a 1.21 G-F, and a 2.11 ERA for AA Bowie(EL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 75%.
Probable Role if Kept: Middle reliever.
Fantasy Potential: Originally drafted by the Mets in the 17th round in 2005, Beato headed to St. Petersburg Junior College and earned a first-round selection from the Orioles a year later. He slowly progressed through the system, failing to impress at his first four stops, before a move to relief allowed him to reclaim his lost prospect status. New York's signings of D.J. Carrasco and Taylor Buchholz make somewhat less sense given Beato's excellent chance to match their contributions for a fraction of the price, though after the last couple of years, I will not begrudge the new Mets management their obvious desire for extra relief depth.

While not a good pick this spring even in the deepest of leagues, Beato appears as solid a bet to succeed in the majors this year as any right-handed pitcher selected in this draft. Do not be surprised when he starts appearing on sim rosters by mid-season.

4. New York Yankees: Dan Turpen, RH Reliever, BOS; 24, B:R, T:R.
7-6 and 4 Saves on a 60:28 K:BB in 69 IP over 12 G
with 73 H, 4 HR, a 1.59 G-F, and a 4.30 ERA
between AA Richmond(EL) and AA Portland(EL).
Chance of remaining on 25-man roster/DL throughout 2011: 10%.
Probable Role if Kept: Middle reliever.
Fantasy Potential: The former eighth round pick switched Eastern League teams in July when the Giants dealt him in the Ramon Ramirez trade, but Boston's tutelage failed to improve Turpen's skills in any meaningful way. He similarly failed to impress in the AFL, so although the Yankees may have enjoyed swiping a prospect from the Sox right after the Adrian Gonzalez trade announcement, Turpen appears unprepared to contribute in the majors this year. I cannot see why New York's scouts judged Turpen worth this selection.

Only a shocking performance in camp will keep the Red Sox from receiving Turpen right back at the end of March while gladly pocketing the Yankees' $25K for the four-month rental of Turpen.

Today's Fantasy Rx: While the additional service year required for eligibility did not prevent teams from choosing Joakim Soria, Josh Hamilton, or the eight others from that class of eighteen who remained in the majors in 2007, the last three Rule 5 classes barely managed half that success. Only five of the eighteen players selected the following year earned MLB jobs, along with five of the twenty-one in 2009 and five of seventeen this past year.

Unless this class defies recent tradition, no more than five players will remain in the majors and off the DL. Given the virtual certainty that Pittsburgh will retain Josh Rodriguez, the clear second tier of candidates includes Joe Paterson, Brad Emaus, Scott Diamond, and Pedro Beato. One or two players from among Jose Flores, Aneury Rodriguez, and Lance Pendleton seem the next most likely bets to succeed, leaving a couple of random arms like Pat Egan and George Kontos as the only other reasonable MLB options.

Of course, barring Josh Rodriguez or Emaus somehow emerging as everyday options or the outside chance of one of the new Astros snagging a rotation slot, none of these guys looks like a good bet for spring drafts. Expect another season of only minimal fantasy contributions from Rule 5 players with a capable reliever like Beato perhaps the best overall candidate to post a few dollars of positive value.